基础地理信息动态更新技术体系初探

近年来,我国测绘部门完成了国家级基础地理信息数据库的"初始建库",基础测绘工作重点已转向持续更新和灵性服务。未来的基础地理信息"应需适时更新"将体现更新内容灵性化、更新周期适时化、更新方式多元化等特点,其主要业务模式包括变化监测、变化测定、主数据库更新和产品更新及服务四大部分。为了有效开展"应需适时更新",应构建包括动态监测与数据预处理、变化信息采集与处理、数据库与产品更新、更新信息网络化服务四大主体部分的动态更新技术体系。该体系是信息化测绘技术体系的一个重要组成部分,应加强对其关键技术的研发,开展技术装备成套化和业务体系建设。     

Ga和Sb纳米线声子结构和电子-声子相互作用的第一性原理研究

基于密度泛函理论的第一性原理方法,系统研究了Ga和Sb纳米线的电子能带结构和声子结构以及电子-声子耦合(EPC)作用.通过对声子的完整Brillouin区分析来研究纳米线的结构稳定性.结果表明,所考察的纳米线显示出不稳定性,不稳定声子波矢远离Brillouin区中心.与通常的Peierls变形机理相比,不稳定的横向声子模会导致一种无开口带隙的相变.Sb比Ga纳米线的EPC要强很多,并且横向变形导致的锯齿形结构使纳米线中的电子-声子相互作用增加了几个数量级.     

The physical process analysis of the capacitance—voltage characteristics of AlGaN/AlN/GaN high electron mobility transistors

This paper deduces the expression of the Schottky contact capacitance of AlGaN/AlN/GaN high electron mobility transistors (HEMTs), which will help to understand the electron depleting process. Some material parameters related with capacitance--voltage profiling are given in the expression. Detailed analysis of the forward-biased capacitance has been carried on. The gate capacitance of undoped AlGaN/AlN/GaN HEMT will fall under forward bias. If a rising profile is obviously observed, the donor-like impurity or trap is possibly introduced in the barrier.     

降雨量、土壤蓄水量对流动沙地土壤水分深层渗漏的影响

土壤水分深层渗漏是陆地近地层水分循环的重要环节。利用土壤水分深层渗漏记录仪对毛乌素沙地典型流动沙丘不同深度土层的土壤渗漏水量连续进行两年定点监测。结果表明：（1）2016年生长季（4月1日至10月31日）降水量为2017年的1.93倍，但50、100、200 cm沙层的渗漏水量分别是2017年同期的4.53、5.53，5.22倍。同时，渗漏水量与降雨量及土壤蓄水量的波峰较一致。（2）强降雨对深层渗漏水量的影响较大，土壤蓄水量的变化也与深层渗漏水量密切相关；降雨量较小时，土壤蓄水量与深层渗漏水量之间的关系更为密切。在连续降雨过程中，越往深处，渗漏的产生通常是多次降雨过程累积的结果，将土壤蓄水量作为中间变量，能更好地分析土壤深层渗漏过程。（3）当天蓄水量与次日渗漏水量的相关系数较高，土层越深，深层渗漏水量与土壤蓄水量的相关系数增加，二者之间的线性拟合的R²也相应增加。     

干旱荒漠区土地利用方式快速转变对土壤入渗性能的影响

研究不同土地利用类型下土壤入渗及其影响因素，有助于城市土地利用管理及径流调节。以快速城市化的兰州新区6种土地利用类型为例，利用圆盘入渗仪，对土壤水分入渗过程进行了实地测量，并利用主成分分析对影响因素进行研究。结果表明：城市化过程中土地利用变化使土壤砂粒和容重增加，总孔隙度和饱和含水量降低；待建地和人工林地的土壤入渗参数值均低于其他土地利用类型。土壤入渗率与有机质含量、总孔隙度、饱和含水量、粉粒含量正相关，与容重和砂粒、黏粒含量负相关。城市化过程中土地利用类型向待建地的转变改变了土壤理化性质及土壤水分入渗能力。     

Numerical simulation of fully saturated porous materials

Fully coupled, porous solid–fluid formulation, implementation and related modeling and simulation issues are presented in this work. To this end, coupled dynamic field equations with u?p?U formulation are used to simulate pore fluid and soil skeleton (elastic–plastic porous solid) responses. Present formulation allows, among other features, for water accelerations to be taken into account. This proves to be useful in modeling dynamic interaction of media of different stiffnesses (as in soil–foundation–structure interaction). Fluid compressibility is also explicitly taken into account, thus allowing excursions into modeling of limited cases of non‐saturated porous media. In addition to these features, present formulation and implementation models in a realistic way the physical damping, which dissipates energy. In particular, the velocity proportional damping is appropriately modeled and simulated by taking into account the interaction of pore fluid and solid skeleton. Similarly, the displacement proportional damping is physically modeled through elastic–plastic processes in soil skeleton. An advanced material model for sand is used in present work and is discussed at some length. Also explored in this paper are the verification and validation issues related to fully coupled modeling and simulations of porous media. Illustrative examples describing the dynamical behavior of porous media (saturated soils) are presented. The verified and validated methods and material models are used to predict the behavior of level and sloping grounds subjected to seismic shaking. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A new soil freeze/thaw discriminant algorithm using AMSR‐E passive microwave imagery

The soil freeze–thaw controls the hydrological and carbon cycling and thus affects water and energy exchanges at land surface. This article reported a newly developed algorithm for distinguishing the freeze/thaw status of surface soil. The algorithm was based on information from Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer Enhanced (AMSR‐E) which records brightness temperature (Tb) in the afternoon and after midnight. The criteria and discriminant functions were obtained from both radiometer observations and model simulations. First of all, the microwave radiation from freeze–thaw soil was examined by carrying out experimental measurements at 18·7 and 36·5 GHz using a Truck‐mounted Multi‐frequency Microwave Radiometer (TMMR) in the Heihe River of China. The experimental results showed that the soil moisture is a key component that differentiates the microwave radiation behaviours during the freeze–thaw process, and the differences in soil temperature and emissivity between frozen and thawed soils were found to be the most important criteria. Secondly, a combined model was developed to consider the impacts of complex ground surface conditions on the discrimination. The model simulations quite followed the trend of in situ observations with an overall relation coefficient (R) of approximately 0·88. Finally, the ratio of Tb18·7H (horizontally polarized Tb at 18·7 GHz) to Tb36·5V was considered primarily as the quasi‐emissivity, which is more reasonable and explicit in measuring the microwave radiation changes in soil freezing and thawing than the spectral gradient. By combining Tb36·5V to indicate the soil temperature variety, a Fisher linear discrimination analysis was used to establish the discriminant functions. After being corrected by TMMR measurements, the new discriminant algorithm had an overall accuracy of 86% when validated by 4‐cm soil temperature. The multi‐year discriminant results also provided a good agreement with the classification map of frozen ground in China. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

西部大开发中地理信息产业发展刍议

中国西部开发对西部地理信息基础设施建设提出了迫切要求。优先发展在西部大开发中具有关键作用的地理信息系统，积极培育地理信息技术市场，建设一支服务于西部大开发地理信息产业化队伍，尽快制定适应西部大开发的地理信息产业发展规划，协调解决地理信息的标准化，对发展西部地理信息产业、促进西部大开发具有战略意义。     

海南近海野生鞍带石斑鱼群体遗传多样性的RAPD分析

用RAPD技术分析海南近海野生鞍带石斑鱼群体的遗传多样性,从48个随机引物中筛选出20个引物对鞍带石斑鱼的DNA进行扩增,结果共检测出131个位点,其多态位点比例(P)为48.09%;利用RAPDdistance1.04软件获得海南野生鞍带石斑鱼群体21个个体间的遗传距离矩阵,依此计算出个体间平均遗传距离(D)为0.2650,个体间平均遗传相似系数(S)为0.7350;利用POPGENE1.3软件计算出Shannon遗传多样性指数(H0)为0.2266;与其他种类的石斑鱼群体的RAPD分析结果比较可知,海南近海野生鞍带石斑鱼群体仍保持着较丰富的遗传多样性.因此在海南发展鞍带石斑鱼的养殖业,可以选择海南近海的野生鞍带石斑鱼作为亲本进行人工繁殖,但应采取一些有效的保护措施,以避免遗传多样性的丧失.     

Study of Panjin wetlands along Bohai coast (II): Ecological water requirement of Shuangtaizi estuarine wetland

Shuangtaizi estuarine wetland along the Bohai Sea coast, the biggest bulrush wetland in the world, has been listed in ‘The Record of Important International Wetland Conservation District’. Taking the year of 2 000 as an example, the minimum, the most suitable and the maximum ecological water requirement of Shuangtaizi estuarine wetland are calculated in this paper based on both ecological theory and Geological Information System technology. In addition, the remote sensing technique is adopted in the data acquisition process. Moreover, the total water requirement and the unit area water requirement for different wetland types are obtained. The result is very important for water resources planning, ecological conservation and regional agriculture structure adjustment in Shuangtaizi. Meanwhile, this study can serve as a useful example for calculating the ecological water requirement in other similar estuarine wetlands.